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#include <span>
#include <cstdint>

// -*- C++ -*-
//===------------------------------ charconv ------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#ifndef _LIBCPP_CHARCONV
#define _LIBCPP_CHARCONV

/*
    charconv synopsis

namespace std {

// floating-point format for primitive numerical conversion
  enum class chars_format {
    scientific = unspecified,
    fixed = unspecified,
    hex = unspecified,
    general = fixed | scientific
  };

// 23.20.2, primitive numerical output conversion
  struct to_chars_result {
    char* ptr;
    errc ec;
  };

to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, see below value,
                           int base = 10);

to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, float value);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, double value);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, long double value);

to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, float value,
                           chars_format fmt);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, double value,
                           chars_format fmt);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, long double value,
                           chars_format fmt);

to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, float value,
                           chars_format fmt, int precision);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, double value,
                           chars_format fmt, int precision);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, long double value,
                           chars_format fmt, int precision);

// 23.20.3, primitive numerical input conversion
  struct from_chars_result {
    const char* ptr;
    errc ec;
  };

from_chars_result from_chars(const char* first, const char* last,
                               see below& value, int base = 10);

from_chars_result from_chars(const char* first, const char* last,
                               float& value,
                               chars_format fmt = chars_format::general);
  from_chars_result from_chars(const char* first, const char* last,
                               double& value,
                               chars_format fmt = chars_format::general);
  from_chars_result from_chars(const char* first, const char* last,
                               long double& value,
                               chars_format fmt = chars_format::general);

} // namespace std

#include <__errc>
#include <type_traits>
#include <limits>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>

#include <__debug>

#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
#pragma GCC system_header
#endif

_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
#include <__undef_macros>

_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD

namespace __itoa {
_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS char* __u64toa(uint64_t __value, char* __buffer) HANA_NOEXCEPT;
_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS char* __u32toa(uint32_t __value, char* __buffer) HANA_NOEXCEPT;
}

#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG

enum class _LIBCPP_ENUM_VIS chars_format
{
    scientific = 0x1,
    fixed = 0x2,
    hex = 0x4,
    general = fixed | scientific
};

struct _LIBCPP_TYPE_VIS to_chars_result
{
    char* ptr;
    errc ec;
};

struct _LIBCPP_TYPE_VIS from_chars_result
{
    const char* ptr;
    errc ec;
};

void to_chars(char*, char*, bool, int = 10) = delete;
void from_chars(const char*, const char*, bool, int = 10) = delete;

namespace __itoa
{

static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR uint64_t __pow10_64[] = {
    UINT64_C(0),
    UINT64_C(10),
    UINT64_C(100),
    UINT64_C(1000),
    UINT64_C(10000),
    UINT64_C(100000),
    UINT64_C(1000000),
    UINT64_C(10000000),
    UINT64_C(100000000),
    UINT64_C(1000000000),
    UINT64_C(10000000000),
    UINT64_C(100000000000),
    UINT64_C(1000000000000),
    UINT64_C(10000000000000),
    UINT64_C(100000000000000),
    UINT64_C(1000000000000000),
    UINT64_C(10000000000000000),
    UINT64_C(100000000000000000),
    UINT64_C(1000000000000000000),
    UINT64_C(10000000000000000000),
};

static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR uint32_t __pow10_32[] = {
    UINT32_C(0),          UINT32_C(10),       UINT32_C(100),
    UINT32_C(1000),       UINT32_C(10000),    UINT32_C(100000),
    UINT32_C(1000000),    UINT32_C(10000000), UINT32_C(100000000),
    UINT32_C(1000000000),
};

template <typename _Tp, typename = void>
struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __traits_base
{
    using type = uint64_t;

#if !defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_MSVC)
    static _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __width(_Tp __v)
    {
        auto __t = (64 - __builtin_clzll(__v | 1)) * 1233 >> 12;
        return __t - (__v < __pow10_64[__t]) + 1;
    }
#endif

static _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY char* __convert(_Tp __v, char* __p)
    {
        return __u64toa(__v, __p);
    }

static _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY decltype(__pow10_64)& __pow() { return __pow10_64; }
};

template <typename _Tp>
struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN
    __traits_base<_Tp, decltype(void(uint32_t{declval<_Tp>()}))>
{
    using type = uint32_t;

#if !defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_MSVC)
    static _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __width(_Tp __v)
    {
        auto __t = (32 - __builtin_clz(__v | 1)) * 1233 >> 12;
        return __t - (__v < __pow10_32[__t]) + 1;
    }
#endif

static _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY char* __convert(_Tp __v, char* __p)
    {
        return __u32toa(__v, __p);
    }

static _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY decltype(__pow10_32)& __pow() { return __pow10_32; }
};

template <typename _Tp>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
__mul_overflowed(unsigned char __a, _Tp __b, unsigned char& __r)
{
    auto __c = __a * __b;
    __r = __c;
    return __c > (numeric_limits<unsigned char>::max)();
}

template <typename _Tp>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
__mul_overflowed(unsigned short __a, _Tp __b, unsigned short& __r)
{
    auto __c = __a * __b;
    __r = __c;
    return __c > (numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max)();
}

template <typename _Tp>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
__mul_overflowed(_Tp __a, _Tp __b, _Tp& __r)
{
    static_assert(is_unsigned<_Tp>::value, "");
#if !defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_MSVC)
    return __builtin_mul_overflow(__a, __b, &__r);
#else
    bool __did = __b && ((numeric_limits<_Tp>::max)() / __b) < __a;
    __r = __a * __b;
    return __did;
#endif
}

template <typename _Tp, typename _Up>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
__mul_overflowed(_Tp __a, _Up __b, _Tp& __r)
{
    return __mul_overflowed(__a, static_cast<_Tp>(__b), __r);
}

template <typename _Tp>
struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __traits : __traits_base<_Tp>
{
    static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int digits = numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits10 + 1;
    using __traits_base<_Tp>::__pow;
    using typename __traits_base<_Tp>::type;

// precondition: at least one non-zero character available
    static _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY char const*
    __read(char const* __p, char const* __ep, type& __a, type& __b)
    {
        type __cprod[digits];
        int __j = digits - 1;
        int __i = digits;
        do
        {
            if (!('0' <= *__p && *__p <= '9'))
                break;
            __cprod[--__i] = *__p++ - '0';
        } while (__p != __ep && __i != 0);

__a = __inner_product(__cprod + __i + 1, __cprod + __j, __pow() + 1,
                              __cprod[__i]);
        if (__mul_overflowed(__cprod[__j], __pow()[__j - __i], __b))
            --__p;
        return __p;
    }

template <typename _It1, typename _It2, class _Up>
    static _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Up
    __inner_product(_It1 __first1, _It1 __last1, _It2 __first2, _Up __init)
    {
        for (; __first1 < __last1; ++__first1, ++__first2)
            __init = __init + *__first1 * *__first2;
        return __init;
    }
};

}  // namespace __itoa

template <typename _Tp>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp
__complement(_Tp __x)
{
    static_assert(is_unsigned<_Tp>::value, "cast to unsigned first");
    return _Tp(~__x + 1);
}

template <typename _Tp>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY typename make_unsigned<_Tp>::type
__to_unsigned(_Tp __x)
{
    return static_cast<typename make_unsigned<_Tp>::type>(__x);
}

template <typename _Tp>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY to_chars_result
__to_chars_itoa(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, true_type)
{
    auto __x = __to_unsigned(__value);
    if (__value < 0 && __first != __last)
    {
        *__first++ = '-';
        __x = __complement(__x);
    }

return __to_chars_itoa(__first, __last, __x, false_type());
}

template <typename _Tp>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY to_chars_result
__to_chars_itoa(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, false_type)
{
    using __tx = __itoa::__traits<_Tp>;
    auto __diff = __last - __first;

#if !defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_MSVC)
    if (__tx::digits <= __diff || __tx::__width(__value) <= __diff)
        return {__tx::__convert(__value, __first), errc(0)};
    else
        return {__last, errc::value_too_large};
#else
    if (__tx::digits <= __diff)
        return {__tx::__convert(__value, __first), {}};
    else
    {
        char __buf[__tx::digits];
        auto __p = __tx::__convert(__value, __buf);
        auto __len = __p - __buf;
        if (__len <= __diff)
        {
            memcpy(__first, __buf, __len);
            return {__first + __len, {}};
        }
        else
            return {__last, errc::value_too_large};
    }
#endif
}

template <typename _Tp>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY to_chars_result
__to_chars_integral(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, int __base,
                    true_type)
{
    auto __x = __to_unsigned(__value);
    if (__value < 0 && __first != __last)
    {
        *__first++ = '-';
        __x = __complement(__x);
    }

return __to_chars_integral(__first, __last, __x, __base, false_type());
}

template <typename _Tp>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY to_chars_result
__to_chars_integral(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, int __base,
                    false_type)
{
    if (__base == 10)
        return __to_chars_itoa(__first, __last, __value, false_type());

auto __p = __last;
    while (__p != __first)
    {
        auto __c = __value % __base;
        __value /= __base;
        *--__p = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"[__c];
        if (__value == 0)
            break;
    }

auto __len = __last - __p;
    if (__value != 0 || !__len)
        return {__last, errc::value_too_large};
    else
    {
        memmove(__first, __p, __len);
        return {__first + __len, {}};
    }
}

template <typename _Tp, typename enable_if<is_integral<_Tp>::value, int>::type = 0>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY to_chars_result
to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, int __base)
{
    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(2 <= __base && __base <= 36, "base not in [2, 36]");
    return __to_chars_integral(__first, __last, __value, __base,
                               is_signed<_Tp>());
}

template <typename _It, typename _Tp, typename _Fn, typename... _Ts>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY from_chars_result
__sign_combinator(_It __first, _It __last, _Tp& __value, _Fn __f, _Ts... __args)
{
    using __tl = numeric_limits<_Tp>;
    decltype(__to_unsigned(__value)) __x;

bool __neg = (__first != __last && *__first == '-');
    auto __r = __f(__neg ? __first + 1 : __first, __last, __x, __args...);
    switch (__r.ec)
    {
    case errc::invalid_argument:
        return {__first, __r.ec};
    case errc::result_out_of_range:
        return __r;
    default:
        break;
    }

if (__neg)
    {
        if (__x <= __complement(__to_unsigned(__tl::min())))
        {
            __x = __complement(__x);
            memcpy(&__value, &__x, sizeof(__x));
            return __r;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        if (__x <= (__tl::max)())
        {
            __value = __x;
            return __r;
        }
    }

return {__r.ptr, errc::result_out_of_range};
}

template <typename _Tp>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
__in_pattern(_Tp __c)
{
    return '0' <= __c && __c <= '9';
}

struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __in_pattern_result
{
    bool __ok;
    int __val;

explicit _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator bool() const { return __ok; }
};

template <typename _Tp>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __in_pattern_result
__in_pattern(_Tp __c, int __base)
{
    if (__base <= 10)
        return {'0' <= __c && __c < '0' + __base, __c - '0'};
    else if (__in_pattern(__c))
        return {true, __c - '0'};
    else if ('a' <= __c && __c < 'a' + __base - 10)
        return {true, __c - 'a' + 10};
    else
        return {'A' <= __c && __c < 'A' + __base - 10, __c - 'A' + 10};
}

template <typename _It, typename _Tp, typename _Fn, typename... _Ts>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY from_chars_result
__subject_seq_combinator(_It __first, _It __last, _Tp& __value, _Fn __f,
                         _Ts... __args)
{
    auto __find_non_zero = [](_It __first, _It __last) {
        for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
            if (*__first != '0')
                break;
        return __first;
    };

auto __p = __find_non_zero(__first, __last);
    if (__p == __last || !__in_pattern(*__p, __args...))
    {
        if (__p == __first)
            return {__first, errc::invalid_argument};
        else
        {
            __value = 0;
            return {__p, {}};
        }
    }

auto __r = __f(__p, __last, __value, __args...);
    if (__r.ec == errc::result_out_of_range)
    {
        for (; __r.ptr != __last; ++__r.ptr)
        {
            if (!__in_pattern(*__r.ptr, __args...))
                break;
        }
    }

return __r;
}

template <typename _Tp, typename enable_if<is_unsigned<_Tp>::value, int>::type = 0>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY from_chars_result
__from_chars_atoi(const char* __first, const char* __last, _Tp& __value)
{
    using __tx = __itoa::__traits<_Tp>;
    using __output_type = typename __tx::type;

return __subject_seq_combinator(
        __first, __last, __value,
        [](const char* __first, const char* __last,
           _Tp& __value) -> from_chars_result {
            __output_type __a, __b;
            auto __p = __tx::__read(__first, __last, __a, __b);
            if (__p == __last || !__in_pattern(*__p))
            {
                __output_type __m = (numeric_limits<_Tp>::max)();
                if (__m >= __a && __m - __a >= __b)
                {
                    __value = __a + __b;
                    return {__p, {}};
                }
            }
            return {__p, errc::result_out_of_range};
        });
}

template <typename _Tp, typename enable_if<is_signed<_Tp>::value, int>::type = 0>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY from_chars_result
__from_chars_atoi(const char* __first, const char* __last, _Tp& __value)
{
    using __t = decltype(__to_unsigned(__value));
    return __sign_combinator(__first, __last, __value, __from_chars_atoi<__t>);
}

template <typename _Tp, typename enable_if<is_unsigned<_Tp>::value, int>::type = 0>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY from_chars_result
__from_chars_integral(const char* __first, const char* __last, _Tp& __value,
                      int __base)
{
    if (__base == 10)
        return __from_chars_atoi(__first, __last, __value);

return __subject_seq_combinator(
        __first, __last, __value,
        [](const char* __p, const char* __last, _Tp& __value,
           int __base) -> from_chars_result {
            using __tl = numeric_limits<_Tp>;
            auto __digits = __tl::digits / log2f(float(__base));
            _Tp __a = __in_pattern(*__p++, __base).__val, __b = 0;

for (int __i = 1; __p != __last; ++__i, ++__p)
            {
                if (auto __c = __in_pattern(*__p, __base))
                {
                    if (__i < __digits - 1)
                        __a = __a * __base + __c.__val;
                    else
                    {
                        if (!__itoa::__mul_overflowed(__a, __base, __a))
                            ++__p;
                        __b = __c.__val;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                else
                    break;
            }

if (__p == __last || !__in_pattern(*__p, __base))
            {
                if ((__tl::max)() - __a >= __b)
                {
                    __value = __a + __b;
                    return {__p, {}};
                }
            }
            return {__p, errc::result_out_of_range};
        },
        __base);
}

template <typename _Tp, typename enable_if<is_signed<_Tp>::value, int>::type = 0>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY from_chars_result
__from_chars_integral(const char* __first, const char* __last, _Tp& __value,
                      int __base)
{
    using __t = decltype(__to_unsigned(__value));
    return __sign_combinator(__first, __last, __value,
                             __from_chars_integral<__t>, __base);
}

template <typename _Tp, typename enable_if<is_integral<_Tp>::value, int>::type = 0>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY from_chars_result
from_chars(const char* __first, const char* __last, _Tp& __value)
{
    return __from_chars_atoi(__first, __last, __value);
}

template <typename _Tp, typename enable_if<is_integral<_Tp>::value, int>::type = 0>
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY from_chars_result
from_chars(const char* __first, const char* __last, _Tp& __value, int __base)
{
    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(2 <= __base && __base <= 36, "base not in [2, 36]");
    return __from_chars_integral(__first, __last, __value, __base);
}

#endif  // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG

_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD

_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS

#endif  // _LIBCPP_CHARCONV

bool print_into_buffer(std::span<char> buffer, uint64_t value) noexcept {
  auto [ptr, errc] = std::to_chars(buffer.data(), buffer.data() + std::size(buffer), value);
  return errc == std::errc();
}